Cover Crops Planning Tool for Florida Citrus

Wade, Inam & Chakravarty (2026), Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of FloridaWade, Inam & Chakravarty (2026) · UF/IFAS SWFREC
Yellow fields are editable.

Start with your grove

Enter the three main values for your grove. The prefilled values are starting points, not recommendations.

Core numbers
Production cost
Enter your total production cost per acre, including normal mowing and herbicide. The value of $2,800 per acre is based on representative UF/IFAS production-cost estimates for southwest Florida citrus and is expressed in 2025 dollars.
Expected yield
Enter your grove’s expected yield. The value of 71 boxes per acre comes from USDA-NASS data for 2024/25 Florida Valencia oranges.
Fruit quality
Enter your expected juice quality. The value of 5.07 lb solids per box comes from Florida Department of Citrus processor reports for 2024/25 Florida Valencia oranges.
Optional context
Grove size
Providing this adds whole-grove cost and seed-order estimates in later sections.
Harvest charges Representative Florida charges are shown

Change these if you have your own grove-specific charges.

Pick & Haul
Enter your own charge when available. The value of $4.53 per box reflects 2023/24 Florida Valencia charges.
FDOC assessment
Enter the current assessment when available. The value of $0.12 per box reflects the 2023/24 assessment.
Sources and reference links

Resources

  • Chakravarty, S. & Wade, T. (2023). Cost Analysis of Using Cover Crops in Citrus Production. HortTechnology, 33(3), 278–285. doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH05126-22
  • Wade, T., Chakravarty, S. & Strauss, S. Costs of Using Cover Crops in Citrus Production, 2022–23. UF/IFAS EDIS FE1168. edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE1168
  • Dawson, E., Kadyampakeni, D., Kanissery, R., Wade, T. & Strauss, S. L. Cover Crops for Florida Citrus: Practical Considerations and Their Impact on Soil Microbes. UF/IFAS EDIS SL534/SS749. edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SS749
  • Singerman, A. Cost of Production for Processed Oranges in Southwest Florida in 2023/24. UF/IFAS CREC, Lake Alfred, FL.
  • Florida Department of Citrus, Processor Reports. Source for the fruit-quality value. floridacitrus.org
  • USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Citrus Fruits 2025 Summary. Source for the statewide 2024/25 Valencia yield. View the USDA-NASS report.
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration, Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update. Source for the diesel fuel price. eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel
  • UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center. Custom Rate Charges for Florida Citrus Grove Caretaking, 2024/25. Source for the General Labor default. citrusresearch.ifas.ufl.edu

Estimate savings and cost offsets

Mowing Included
Current mows per year
Your usual number of row-middle mows.
Cost per mow
Your cost for each mowing pass.
Mowing or termination passes with cover crops
Number of passes needed each year to mow or terminate the cover crop. More passes increase costs.
Herbicide savings
Cost-share payment
Estimated Year 1 savings & offsets
— per acre in Year 1
Includes the mowing-pass change plus any herbicide savings and cost-share payment you include. A negative value means an added cost.

Build your cover crop budget

Start with the example summer and winter mixes, then adjust the seed, prices, rates and passes to match your plan.

Example mix included

One summer planting and one winter planting, each targeting 60 lb/acre.

SummerIron Clay cowpea + sorghum-sudangrass + buckwheat
WinterHairy vetch + black oats + daikon radish
Rate basisSeasonal target allocated by relative reference rates

For Florida citrus cover crop guidance, see UF/IFAS SS749. Starting seed prices are the average from four suppliers retrieved June 25, 2026.

Planting plan
Summer total seed target
Sets the total seed rate for the summer mix and adjusts each species proportionally.
Winter total seed target
Sets the total seed rate for the winter mix and adjusts each species proportionally.
Planting-operation passes per year
Updates fuel, labor and planting-equipment passes only. Set each seed’s plantings in the table below. For example, one summer planting plus one winter planting would normally involve two establishment passes.

Change a seasonal total above or overwrite any individual seed rate below.

Seed mix
You can edit the yellow cells or add another seed based on what you use in your grove.
SeedPriceRate/acrePlantingsAnnual cost

Planting operations

Fuel, labor, equipment and other costs used to establish the cover crop.

OperationPriceUse/acrePassesAnnual cost
Fuel
$/gal
gal
—
Labor
$/hr
hr
—
Drill or planting equipment
$/ac
— —
Other planting cost
$/ac
— —
Planting operations subtotal————
Estimated annual cover crop cost
— per acre in Year 1
Seed subtotal plus planting operations subtotal. This updates as you edit the budget.
Your seed order

Year 1 delivered-in break-even price

Compare your estimated Year 1 cost and break-even price with and without cover crops.

Net Year 1 cost effect
—
—
Delivered-in break-even without cover crops
—
per box, Year 1
— per lb solids
Delivered-in break-even with cover crops
—
per box, Year 1
— per lb solids
Yield increase needed to offset the net cover crop cost
—
—

Year 1 cost effect

How the cover crop plan changes cost per acre.

Annual cover crop cost
—
per acre, Year 1
Operating savings
—
mowing + herbicide, per acre
Cost-share payment
—
per acre, Year 1
Net cover crop cost
—
before cost-share: —

Quick adjust

Change one of the key inputs here to see the result updates.

Production cost
Yield
Fruit quality
Pick & Haul
Edit a section
What is included in this estimate?

The estimate includes production and harvest costs, cover crop costs, savings from fewer mowing passes, and any herbicide savings or cost-share payments, if included.

Potential benefits not valued

The estimate does not assign a dollar value to potential improvements in soil health, water infiltration, erosion and dust control, beneficial insects, or long-term tree performance.

Assumptions behind these numbers

These results assume a production cost of — per acre, a yield of — boxes per acre, and quality of — lb solids per box. Harvest charges are — per box for Pick & Haul and — per box for the FDOC (Florida Department of Citrus) assessment. You can use the Quick Adjust above to change these numbers.

10-year planning scenario

Scenario assumptions
  • Year 1 uses the values you entered and is not changed by these scenario settings.
  • Beginning in Year 2, inflation increases production and cover crop costs as well as mowing and herbicide savings. The cover crop cost reduction applies only to cover crop costs.
  • Held constant: yield, fruit quality, Pick & Haul, FDOC and the annual cost-share payment. Cost share stops after the number of years entered in Step 3.
Annual inflation rate
Applied annually to production costs, cover crop costs, and mowing and herbicide savings.
Annual cover crop cost reduction
Offsets part of inflation for cover crop costs only.
Year 1
—
delivered-in break-even per box
— per lb solids
Net cover crop cost: —/acre
Year 5
—
delivered-in break-even per box
— per lb solids
Net cover crop cost: —/acre
Year 10
—
delivered-in break-even per box
— per lb solids
Net cover crop cost: —/acre
View Year-by-Year Results

Swipe horizontally to see all 10 years

View savings breakdown

Cost per acre over time

Cover crop savings and offsets are small relative to total costs, so the lines appear close together. The second chart isolates them for easier reading.

Cover crop savings & offsets per acre over time

Each bar shows the annual total. Its colored sections show operating savings from fewer mowing passes and reduced herbicide use, plus any cost-share payment. Values below zero represent added costs.

Feedback and Follow-up